Research on the Spatial Correlation of China's Haze Pollution and the Government's Cooperative Governance Competitive Strategy.

A government's choice of environmental strategy plays an important role in the coordinated governance of regional air pollution. Based on changes in China's environmental policies and on changes in environmental indicators over the years, this paper selects regional haze data from the years 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017; uses social network analysis to describe the structural characteristics of a spatial correlation network in China; measures the level of coordination using a population gravity model; and further analyzes the influence of the overall structural characteristics of spatial networks on the level of coordination. The results show that the spatial association of regional haze presents a typical "central edge" network structure. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta region are the largest emitters in China. The coordination level of haze control in China showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the overall level of coordination is relatively low, and there is still great room for improvement. Based on the above characteristics, using the provincial panel data from 2005-2017, a two-zone spatial Durbin model was built to empirically test the impact of changes to the environmental performance assessment system on local coordinated haze-control decisions and their stage characteristics. The overall sample results show that there was a "race to the bottom" among Chinese provinces during the study period. When the haze control intensity in neighboring areas was relaxed, the regional governments also tended to relax their own environmental regulation intensity. The time-based analysis results further show that with the improvement of the environmental performance assessment system, the strategy selection of coordinated governmental haze-management presents the possibility of a "race to the top".

Outliers and Influential Observations in Exponential Random Graph Models.

We discuss measuring and detecting influential observations and outliers in the context of exponential family random graph (ERG) models for social networks. We focus on the level of the nodes of the network and consider those nodes whose removal would result in changes to the model as extreme or "central" with respect to the structural features that "matter". We construe removal in terms of two case-deletion strategies: the tie-variables of an actor are assumed to be unobserved, or the node is removed resulting in the induced subgraph. We define the difference in inferred model resulting from case deletion from the perspective of information theory and difference in estimates, in both the natural and mean-value parameterisation, representing varying degrees of approximation. We arrive at several measures of influence and propose the use of two that do not require refitting of the model and lend themselves to routine application in the ERGM fitting procedure. MCMC p values are obtained for testing how extreme each node is with respect to the network structure. The influence measures are applied to two well-known data sets to illustrate the information they provide. From a network perspective, the proposed statistics offer an indication of which actors are most distinctive in the network structure, in terms of not abiding by the structural norms present across other actors.

Soy el que cierra y el que apaga la luz: Cuando el liderazgo de dirigentes comunitarios no empodera a la comunidad / I'm the One Closing and Turning off the Lights: When Leadership Does not Empower Community Leaders to Community

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el capital social en los liderazgos de distintos tipos de organizaciones de base en dos localidades del sur de Chile, y cómo esto influye en los diversos niveles de empoderamiento. Los resultados a partir de datos cualitativos y del análisis de redes sociales muestran que el capital social interno y externo de estas organizaciones se centran en los/las dirigentes, lo que impide que los demás miembros de la comunidad tengan acceso a recursos existentes al interior y al exterior de la organización. Estos hallazgos muestran que no basta con el desarrollo de empoderamiento psicológico en los/las dirigentes para desarrollar empoderamiento organizacional y comunitario.

The aim of the present study is to analyse the social capital in the leadership of diverse kind of grass-roots organisations in two zones of southern Chile and how this inflows on the diverse empowerment levels. The results in base of the social networks qualitative and quantitative data shows that the social capital, both external and internal, are focused on the leaders, which does not allow to the rest of the community members to have access to existent resources inside and outside the organisation. This findings shows that is not enough with the development of the leaders psychological empowerment to develop organisational and community empowerment.

Análise de Redes Sociais e práticas avaliativas: desafios à vista / Social Network Analysis and assessment practices: challenges in sight

ResumoDiscute-se a possibilidade de incorporar a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) às práticas avaliativas em saúde. Como base discursiva, relacionam-se proposições da prática avaliativa, quando estas tangenciam o universo das redes. Para tanto, dialoga-se com autores cujas argumentações são em prol da incorporação da ARS aos processos avaliativos. A partir de um percurso dialético, bem como de um estudo de caso, reflete-se sobre a possibilidade dessa integração, concluindo-se que há ampla afinidade objeto-metodológica entre ambas as práticas.

AbstractThe possibility of incorporating the Analysis of Social Networks (ASN) into health evaluation practices is discussed. As discursive basis, some propositions of evaluative practices were related to tangential matters from universe of the networks. Thus, we discuss with authors that support the incorporate the ASN into the process of health evaluation. From this dialectical approach, and analyzing a case study, we reflect on the possibility of such integration, concluding that there is huge object-methodological affinity between both practices.

Redes sociais e o vínculo com a organização: como a estrutura das relações explica o comprometimento, o entrincheiramento e o consentimento / Social networks and links with the organization: how the structure of relations explains the commitment, entrenchment and consent / Las redes sociales y el vínculo con la organización: cómo la estructura de las relaciones explica el compromiso, el atrincheramiento y el consentimiento

A partir da perspectiva da análise de redes sociais no contexto organizacional, buscou-se evidências de como a estrutura das relações sociais influencia os vínculos dos trabalhadores com suas organizações, mais especificamente, o comprometimento organizacional, o entrincheiramento organizacional e o consentimento organizacional. Para responder a essa questão, foram coletados dados referentes a seis grupos de trabalhadores de diferentes empresas em um delineamento transversal e prioritariamente quantitativo, totalizando 172 participantes, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário contendo a medida da rede social de confiança e as escalas para medir os três vínculos com a organização, previamente validadas. Foram utilizadas regressões múltiplas (método stepwise) identificando-se cada um dos preditores relacionais, analisados em três níveis de imersão: posicional, relacional e estrutural. Cada um dos vínculos apresenta, entre seus antecedentes, variáveis relacionais que auxiliam na explicação da intensidade dos construtos analisados e que os diferenciam em termos de preditores. Indicadores de coesão grupal afetam mais fortemente o entrincheiramento e, sobretudo, o consentimento organizacional. Novos estudos podem ampliar a contribuição de como a imersão social no contexto organizacional pode afetar a natureza e a intensidade dos vínculos do trabalhador com a organização.

From the perspective of analyzing social networks in the organizational context, we sought evidence about how the structure of social relations influences the links workers have with their organizations, more specifically, organizational commitment, organizational entrenchment, and organizational consent. To answer the question, we collected data from six groups of workers from different companies in a cross-sectional and primarily quantitative design, totaling 172 participants, who answered a questionnaire containing the measure of the social network of trust and the scales to measure the three links with the organization, previously validated. Multiple regressions (stepwise method) were used, identifying each of the relational predictors assessed at three different levels of social embeddedness: positional, relational, and structural. Each of the links has, among its antecedents, relational variables that help explain the intensity of the constructs analyzed and that differentiate them in terms of predictors. Group cohesion indicators more strongly affect entrenchment and, above all, organizational consent. New studies can broaden the contribution regarding how social embeddedness can affect the nature and intensity of workers' ties to the organization.

Desde la perspectiva del análisis de redes sociales en el contexto organizacional, se buscaron evidencias de cómo la estructura de las relaciones sociales influyen en los vínculos que los trabajadores establecen con sus organizaciones, específicamente, su compromiso organizacional, su atrincheramiento organizacional y su consentimiento organizacional. Para responder esta pregunta, se colectaron datos de seis grupos de trabajadores de diferentes empresas siguiendo un diseño transversal y cuantitativo, totalizando 172 participantes, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario que contenía la medida de la red social de confianza y las escalas que evalúan los tres vínculos de con la organización, previamente validadas. Fueron utilizadas regresiones múltiples (método stepwise) donde se identificaron los predictores relacionales, analizados en tres niveles de inmersión: posicional, relacional y estructural. Cada uno de los vínculos presenta, entre sus antecedentes, variables relacionales que ayudan a explicar la intensidad de los constructos analizados y que los diferencian de sus predictores. Indicadores de cohesión grupal afectan más el atrincheramiento y, sobretodo, el consentimiento organizacional. Nuevos estudios pueden ampliar la comprensión de cómo la inmersión social en el contexto organizacional puede afectar la naturaleza y la intensidad del vínculo del trabajador con la organización.

Indicadores estructurales y conglomerados de actores en la red social de una subcultura urbana / Indicadores estruturais e conglomerados de atores na rede social de uma subcultura urbana / Structural indicators and clusters of actors in the social network of an urban subculture

Este estudio buscó identificar la estructura de socialización de una subcultura urbana con la medición de indicadores estructurales de su red social e identificación de subagrupaciones. Se empleó el instrumento Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule (ISSIS) con 11 miembros de la subcultura roqueros. Se procesaron los datos mediante el análisis de redes sociales (ARS) con el software Ucinet, para detectar conjuntos de actores con el procedimiento de conglomerados jerárquicos; y los gráficos de la red se crearon con NetDraw. Se identificaron niveles moderados de indicadores estructurales y las agrupaciones presentaron un número amplio de actores según el criterio de atracción por similaridad. Los subgrupos en la red fueron escasos, lo que muestra a la subcultura como una unidad social cuya integración se da por vinculaciones estrechas entre sus miembros.

The objective of this study was to determine the socialization structure of a subculture or urban tribe, by measuring the structural indicators of its social network and identifying sub-groupings. Eleven members of the rock subculture were evaluated through the Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule (ASSIS). The data was processed using the social network analysis (SNA) with the software Ucinet, and networks graphs were created with NetDraw. It was possible to identify moderate levels of structural indicators in which groupings of large numbers of actors under the criterion of attraction by similarity was significant. Finally, there were few subgroups within the network, which indicates that the subculture is a social unit where integration is achieved by close ties among its members.

Este estudo buscou identificar a estrutura de socialização de uma subcultura urbana através da análise de indicadores estruturais de rede social e a identificação de sub-agrupações. Utilizou-se o instrumento Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule com 11 membros da subcultura roqueiros. Os dados foram processados mediante a análise de redes sociais com o software Ucinet para detectar conjuntos de atores com o procedimento de conglomerados hierárquicos, e os gráficos da rede foram criados com NetDraw. Identificaramse níveis moderados de indicadores estruturais e as agrupações presentaram um número amplo de atores segundo o critério de atração por similaridade. Os subgrupos na rede foram escassos, o que mostra a subcultura como uma unidade social cuja integração ocorre por vinculações próximas entre seus membros.